Research Abstract: National productivity statistics — GDP per worker, total factor productivity, aggregate growth rates — mask enormous variation within large developing economies. In India, per capita income in the richest major state (Goa) is approximately eight times that of the poorest (Bihar). In Indonesia, per capita output in Jakarta is approximately five times the national average and more than ten times that of the poorest provinces in Eastern Indonesia. In the Philippines, the National Capital Region (Metro Manila) produces approximately 36% of national GDP with less than 14%...
Structural Transformation, Gig Work, and Labor Market Informality in Developing Asia: Trends, Determinants, and Policy Responses
Across the middle-income economies that constitute the demographic and economic center of gravity of the region — India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand — the composition of informality is shifting decisively toward services, and within services, toward a rapidly growing category that defies traditional analytical frameworks: platform-mediated gig work.